The realized niches observed in nature are often smaller than the fundamental niches of the organisms being observed:
a) true
b) false
a) true
The competitive exclusion principle only applies when the niches of competing species have a high degree of overlap:
a) true
b) false
a) true
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Four snake species colonize an island at the same time. The species are biologically identical in every way and the island is habitable to them. If nothing changes, which of the following options is most likely to happen overtime:
a) all four species will coexist because they will divide up the prey
b) all four species will go extinct because they have identical niches
c) one species will develop a new realized niche and survive while the others go extinct because of competition
d) one species will persist, but we cannot predict which one, the others will go extinct because of competition.
d) one species will persist, but we cannot predict which one, the others will go extinct because of competition.
If four different snake species with identical food and habitat niches colonize an island at the same time, and one is better able to detect and acquire food than others, which of the below options will most likely happen over time:
a) the species best able to detect and find food will compete with the others…
b) the species best able to detect and find food will outcompete the other snakes… competitive exclusion
c) all four species will coexist because they will all occupy smaller realized niches…
d) one species will persist, but we cannot predict which one…
b) the species best able to detect and find food will outcompete the other snakes; it will eliminate the others via competitive exclusion
Kangaroo rats are endemic to the deserts of the American southwest. In one region, two kangaroo rat species eat only seeds and are biologically extremely similar. The two species are found in adjacent habitats. Sees are abundant in both habitats, but less nutritious than insects. If you were to double to amount of sees across both habitats and add insects as potential food, which of the following outcomes would most likely result:
a) one species will change its food preferences to eat insects.. two coexist
b) because of abundance and diversity of food, both will coexist across both habitats
c) both species will switch their diets to the more nutritious insects and one will exclude the other from both habitats
d) no change will occur; the abundance and diversity of resources does not determine the ultimate outcome of competition if niches remain the same
d) no change will occur; the abundance and diversity of resources does not determine the ultimate outcome of competition if niches remain the same
A third species of kangaroo rat is introduced into the habitats of the two species from Question 5. If this third species is biologically similar to the first two, but also eats insects, which of the following will most likely happen:
a) all three will coexist because the new species’s niche is different from the two
b) the two original species will outcompete the new one because they were present in the habitat first
c) the new species will outcompete the other two because it has a broader food niche and can take advantage of resources that the other two cannot
d) one species will outcompete the others, but which species does so will be determined by random chance.
IDK
If, over evolutionary time, on of the two Kangaroo rat species from #5 were to evolve a change in food habits such that it eats only insects, which of the following would most likely happen:
a) it would out compete the other species
b) the other species would outcompete it
c) both species would share both habitats because their niches would be different and competition would be eliminated
d) one species would outcompete the other, but which does so will be determined at random.
c) both species would share both habitats because their niches would be different and competition would be eliminated
Two species of bats colonize an island at the same time. There are similar numbers of moths and beetles on the island, but no other bats. The only difference between the bat species is foraging ability; one is more efficient at catching beetles, and the other is more efficient at catching moths. Which of the below choices will most likely happen over time to the two bat species on the island?
A. Both species will change their fundamental niches and will coexist.
B. The weaker competitor will change its fundamental niche and both species will coexist.
C. The weaker competitor will change its realized niche and both species will coexist.
D. The two species will coexist by occupying different realized niches.
D. The two species will coexist by occupying different realized niches.
The same two bat species in the previous question live on an island that is forested on one side and shrubby on the other. The bats can survive in either habitat. On the island, most moths are found in trees and most beetles are found in shrubs. Which of the following statements is most likely true:
a) both bath species will be found in equal abundance everywhere because they share a fundamental niche
b) both bat species will be found in equal abundance because they have the same realized niche
c) The bat species will not overlap in their distribution on the island because each will have outcompeted the other where their preferred prey is more abundant.
d) The bat species will not overlap in their distribution on the island because competition will have resulted in random extinction on each side of the island
c) The bat species will not overlap in their distribution on the island because each will have outcompeted the other where their preferred prey is more abundant.
On an adventure to a faraway place, you discover two previously unknown species of woozle. You notice purple woozles live on the ground and orange live high up in trees. You gather up all the purple and take them to the zoo. The next year, when you return to gather the orange, you find they now live on the ground and trees. Which of the following is true:
a) competition between purple and orange cannot be responsible for where you found them on the island
b) the fundamental niches of orang does not include ground habitat
c) on the ground, purple woozles are probably better competitors than the orange.
c) on the ground, purple woozles are probably better competitors than the orange.
rocky intertidal
Tidal pools along the edge of rocky beaches
ecological community
A group of populations of different species living in the same area with varying degrees of interactions with others
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community structure
the composition and relative abundance of the different types of organisms present
intertidal community
compromised of organisms living in the area covered by water at high tide and exposed to the air at low tide
primary producers
use energy from sun to produce own food. Lowest trophic level
competitively dominant
species least affected by competition
competitive dominance hierarchy
a diagram that illustrates which species are superior competitors within a community
keystone species
a species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem
Which of the following compete for space on intertidal rocks
a) algae, barnacles, and whelk
b)starfish only
c)whelk and starfish
d) algae and mussels
c)whelk and starfish
Which species eats Acorn Barnacles:
a) mussel
b) starfish
c) whelk
d) chiton
Whelk
Which of these species is the most competitively dominant:
a) acorn barnacle
b) coral weed
c) goose neck barnacle
d) nori seaweed
c) gooseneck barnacle
What dramatically changes when Starfish are removed from the simulated system:
a) only minor changes
b) nori seaweed and black pine population increase in size
c) the community becomes dominated by mussels
d) the acorn barnacle population increases in size
c) the community becomes dominated by mussels
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Which of the following is NOT an essential characteristic of a keystone species
a) relatively low abundance compared to other species in community
b) removal would lead to large change in community
c) direct interaction with every species in community
d) high impact on the community relative to population size
c) direct interaction with every species in community
If you fenced a plot of land in the savanna so that animals were completely excluded, over time, which type of plant would dominate to plot according to the diagram:
a) grasses
b) shrubs
c) trees
d) none
c) trees
If you removed lions from a large area of savanna, which of the following changes is most likely, according to the diagrams?
a) fewer cheetas
b) more zebra
c) more grasses
d) more elephants
b) more zebra
If you removed all the Cheetas from a large area of savanna, which of the following changes is most likely, according to the diagrams:
a) fewer gazelle
b) fewer shrubs
c) fewer lions
d) fewer grasses
d) fewer grasses
Imagine all the Grasshoppers are removed and excluded from a large area of the meadow ecosystem. Which of the following predictions is least likely to occur, according to the diagram:
a) spider B goes extinct
b) spider C population decreases
c) beetle population increases
d) diagram indicates that all of the above are equally likely
a) spider B goes extinct
According to both diagrams, the extinction of which one of the spider species would likely have a much bigger impact on community structure than the extinction of any one of the others:
a) spider A
b) spider B
c) spider C
d) it is not possible
c) spider C
Which is the correct hierarchy of ecological systems, starting at the most general?
A. ecosystem, biosphere, community, population, individual
B. individual, community, population, ecosystem, biosphere
C. individual, population, ecosystem, biosphere, community
D. individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
E. biosphere, community, ecosystem, population, individual
D. Individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
The word ecology is derived from the Greek oikos, which means
A. world
B. ocean
C. house
D. origin
C. house
Which of the following systems is composed of assemblages of organisms together with their physical and chemical environments?
A. organism
B. population
C. community
D. ecosystem
E. biosphere
D. ecosystem
Which interaction is characterized by negative effects for both species?
A. predation
B. herbivory
C. commensalism
D. competition
D. competition
What method is used to increase experimental reliability?
A. replication
B. proximate hypotheses
C. natural experiment
D. mathematical models
A. replication
An experimental control is a(n)
A. experiment performed on randomly selected samples
B. manipulation without the factor of interest
C. manipulation using natural conditions
D. sample size that is large enough to accurately reflect the variance
B. manipulation without the factor of interest
What soil would you expect to have the highest field capacity?
A. loam
B. silty clay
C. silt
D. sandy loam
E. silt loam
B. silty clay
Which soil has the largest particles?
A. clay
B. sand
C. loam
D. silt
B. sand
The attraction between water molecules causes
A. root pressure
B. xylem
C. tension
D. cohesion
D. cohesion
Transpiration is the
A. movement of water from the soil to a plant’s roots
B. absorption of carbon dioxide
C. evaporation of water from a leaf
D. loss of energy due to respiration
C. evaporation of water from a leaf
Which is NOT an adaption by camels to low water availability?
A. the ability to store excess water
B. high surface-area-to-volume ratio
C. increased tolerance for high body temperature
D. increased cooling of the blood for the brain
B. high surface-area-to-volume ratio
The specialized organelles used in photosynthesis are called
A. thylakoids
B. chloroplasts
C. carotenoids
D. RuBisCos
B. chloroplasts
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Carbon -3 photosynthesis
A. is the most common form of photosynthesis
B. uses malic acid during the Calvin Cycle
C. does not require RuBisCo
D. is common in succulent plants
A. is the most common form of photosynthesis
Which photosynthesis method is best suited to warm, dry environments?
I. C3 fixation
II. C4 fixation
III. CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)
A. I only
B. I & II only
C. II only
D. II & III only
E. III only
D. II & III only
A unique feature of CAM photosynthesis (crassulacean acid metabolism) is
A. the use of oxaloacetic acid
B. a daily cycle of photosynthesis
C. increased photosynthesis at high temperatures
D. the ability to use both phosphoenolpyruvic acid and RuBisCo
B. a daily cycle of photosynthesis
An organism’s ability to maintain constant constant internal conditions in the face of a varying external environment is called
A. thermoregulation
B. metabolism
C. active regulation
D. homeostasis
E. negative feedback
D. homeostasis
Which heat transfer method occurs with contact?
A. convection
B. evaporation
C. radiation
D. conduction
D. conduction
Which heat transfer method in organisms causes only cooling?
A. convection
B. evaporation
C. radiation
D. conduction
B. evaporation
Which is NOT an adaption for cotton growing in Texas?
A. C4 pathway photosynthesis
B. an earlier planting date
C. the use of cytokinin
D. RuBisCo variations
A. C4 pathway photosynthesis
Which type of variation refers to the typical atmospheric conditions that occur throughout the yer and are measured over multiple years?
A. weather
B. climate
C. phenotype
D. spatial variation
B. climate
Long-duration environmental events usually take place over _ spatial scale(s).
A. small
B. an intermediate
C. a large
D. both large and small
C. a large
Consider an area in which plants change from one group of species to another group of species over a distance of 20 cm. How might this scale of variation affect two herbivores-aphids (very small insects) and moose (large mammals)?
A. aphids would be more strongly affected by this gradient
B. moose would be more strongly affected by this gradient
C. neither would be affected by this gradient
D. they would be equally affected by this gradient
A. aphids would be more strongly affected by this gradient
Which lists the correct order from events that affect the smallest spatial scale to events that affect the largest spatial scale?
A. thunderstorms, monsoons, hurricanes
B. thunderstorms, hurricanes, monsoons
C. monsoons thunderstorms, hurricanes
D. hurricanes, thunderstorms, monsoons
B. thunderstorms, hurricanes, monsoons
Phenotypic plasticity
A. refers to an environment that varies
B. occurs when a single phenotype has different fitness in different environments
C. is a type of environmental cue
D. is the ability single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes
D. is the ability of a single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes
This figure shows the tail shape developed by three tadpole genotypes (M, N, and O) when raised in an environment with predators and an environment without predators. In the presence of predators, tadpoles with large tadpoles with large tails have high fitness and tadpoles with small tails have low fitness. When predators are not present, tadpoles with large tails have low fitness and tadpoles with small tails have high fitness.
[Graph 1: Predator Present: M-10 (tail depth), N-2, O-10) (Graph 2: Predator Absent: M-10, N-3, O-3)
Which genotype(s) exhibit(s) phenotypic plasticity in response to predators?
A. M only
B. N only
C. O only
D. Both M and N
E. Both N and O
C. O only
Which shows the order of phenotypically plastic traits from those that typically respond most rapidly to those that typically respond least rapidly?
A. behavior, morphology, physiology
B. physiology, morphology, behavior
C. behavior, physiology, morphology
D. morphology, behavior, physiology
E. morphology, physiology, behavior
C. behavior, physiology, morphology
Plants develop trichomes and produce glucosinolates as adaptive phenotypic plasticity to
A. reduce competion for resources
B. attract pollinators for reproduction
C. protect against herbivores
D. survive harsh drought conditions
C. protect against herbivores
Consider the figure, which shows how Virginia pepperweed responds to herbivores. Which of the following conclusions can we make solely using the data shown?
I. Plants increased glucosinolate production when aphids were present.
II. Plants with more glucosinolate and trichones had fewer aphids.
III. Producing glucosinolate and trichomes reduced plant fitness when aphids were absent.
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I & II only
E. I, II & III
D. I and II only
Which of the following are phenotypically plastic responses of plants to reduced water availability?
I. develop trichomes and produce more glucosinolate
II. close stomata in leaves
III. increase the root/shoot ratio
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I & II only
E. II & III only
E. II & III only
During the course of two generations, monarch butterflies more from southern Canada to Mexico, spend the winter in Mexico, and then return to Southern Canada. This is an example of
A. climate
B. migration
C. storage
D. foraging
B. migration
Torpor is beneficial to animals because it
A. allows them to move away from dangerous conditions
B. allows then to acquire additional food
C. allows them to conserve energy
D. prevents them from freezing
C. allows them to conserve energy
Experimental studies found that increased CO2 caused some types of plants to increase their overall growth rates. What aspect of phenotypic plasticity contributed to the increase in growth rate?
A. increased production of trichomes
B. increased production of glucosinolate
C. decreased time that stomata are open
D. decrease in the size of the roots
C. decreased time that stomata are open
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The realized niches observed in nature are often smaller than the fundamental niches of organisms being observed.
A. true
B. false
A. true
According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same
A. environmental habitat
B. ecological niche
C. territory
D. range
B. ecological niche
The n in n-dimensional hypervolume niche concept refers to
A. number of individuals in a population
B. number of ecosystems on the planet
C. number of species in a community
D. number of conditions, both biotic and abiotic
D. number of conditions, both biotic and abiotic
What is a keystone predator?
A. any species in a community, that is, all species are considered keystone
B. any insectivorous plant in a community
C. the species in a community that has the greatest influence on the rest of that community
D. the species in a community that has the least influence on the rest of that community
C. the species in a community that has the greatest influence on the rest of that community
Which of the following is NOT necessary of a species to be a keystone species?
A. a high impact on the rest of the community
B. consumption of most other species in the community
C. a small population size relative to some other species in the community
D. removal of the species leads to a large change in the community
B. consumption of most other species in the community
Which concept suggests that a community is much more than the sum of its individual parts?
A. concept of interdependence
B. individualistic concept
C. concept of independence
D. ecotone concept
A. concept of interdependence
Which species would you characterize as seemingly unresponsive to changes in soil conditions across the transect?
A. black oak
B. hawkweed
C. ragwort
D. firewood
B. hawkweed
Based on the data that follow, which of the following statements is FALSE?
Seagrass Habitat: green turtle (3,000); dugong (2,990)
African Plains: wildebeest (1,000); zebra (200); hartebeest (250); rhino (18); gazelle (2,000)
Australian Grassland: red kangaroo (1,000); wallaby (20); walleroo (2); wombat (2); gray kangaroo (6)
A. the seagrass habitat has the lowest species richness
B. the African plains and Australian grasslands have identical species richness
C. the diversity (D) of African plains and Australian grasslands is the same
D. the Australian grasslands have lower species evenness than the African plains
E. the seagrass habitat has the highest species evenness
C. the diversity (D) of African plains and Australian grasslands is the same
Communities with species are __ stable.
A. few; more
B. few; consistently
C. many; more
D. many; consistently
C. many; more
What community measure does Shannon’s index quantify?
A. the number of species
B. relative abundance of species
C. species richness
D. species diversity
D. species diversity
The plot shows that most species in this community are
(Graph showing bell curve with highest point in the middle)
A. moderately abundant
B. very rare
C. very abundant
D. about evenly distributed
A. moderately abundant
What species richness-productivity relationship has the Park Grass experiment in England demonstrated over the past 150 years?
A. U-shaped
B. negative
C. none
D. positive
E. hump-shaped
B. negative
What is a reasonable explanation of the results in the figure? (Graph showing big change in species richness in the fertilization treatment. The control, light only, and fertilization & light are all similar)
A. the plants are light limited
B. Plants are competed more successfully for fertilizer shaded out other plants
C. Plant growth is best supported by addition for fertilizer and light
D. Addition of fertilizer reduces plant’s ability to use light efficiently for photosynthesis
B. plants that compete more successfully for fertilizer shaded out other plants
What is the relation b/w habitat diversity & species diversity?
A. decrease w/ altitude
B. hump shape
C. positive
D. negative if many invasive species are present
C. positive
Keystone species
A. have the most biomass in a community
B. are usually top predators
C. can affect community structure despite low abundance
D. are invasive predator species that eat native herbivores
C. can affect community structure despite low abundance
Keystone species that are predators in a food web can increase species diversity by
A. increasing the biomass of primary producers
B. removing competitive dominants
C. creating an intermediate disturbance
D. increasing production efficiency
B. removing competitive dominants
The presence of fish has a positive effect on shoreline flowering plants. Which lines in the diagram reflect negative direct effect?
A. fish–> adult dragonfly
B. fish–> pollinator
C. fish–> larval dragonfly
D. adult dragonfly –> plants
C. fish–> larval dragonfly
What most accurately describes a trophic cascade?
A. bottom-up effects
B. top-down effects
C. found in waterfall habitats
D. is based on two trophic levels
B. top-down effects
What organisms in the figure appear NOT to be indirectly affected by insecticide?
A. zooplankton
B. tadpoles
C. phytoplankton
D. periphyton
A. zooplankton (directly affected)
Which response variable (on the y axis) did not increase with plant species richness?
A. stability of herbivore species richness
B. stability of herbivore abundance
C. stability of predator and parasite species richness
D. stability of predator and parasite abundance
D. stability of predator and parasite abundance
Where is the solar equator?
A. at the Tropic of Cancer
B. b/w the equator and 23.5 degree N, depending on the season
C. b/w 23. 5 degree S and 23.5 degree N of the equator, depending on the season
D. along the equator
E. b/w the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn
C. b/w 23.5 degree S and 23.5 N of the equator, depending on the season
During the summer equinox in the Northern Hemisphere the sun shines most directly at
A. the Tropic of Capricorn
B. the Tropic of Cancer
C. north of the solar equator
D. the equator
B. the Tropic of Cancer
Rain shadows occur
A. on the downwind side of mountains
B. in areas without significant convection currents
C. along coasts with cold air
D. b/w deserts and coastal areas
A. on the downwind side of mountains
The parent material of a soil is the
A. organic matter from the vegetation on top of the soil
B. area from which the soil has been transported
C. bedrock underneath the soil
D. type of erosion that contributed to soil formation
C. bedrock underneath the soil
Podsolization most likely to occur in
A. cold climates where acid soils form under needle-leaved trees
B. cold climates where neutral soils form under broad-leaved trees
C. tropical climates where acid soils form under needle-leaved trees
D. tropical climates where neutral soils form under broad-leaved trees
A. cold climates where acid soils form under needle- leaved trees
Warm temperatures and high precipitation break down clay particles, leach silicon, and lead to a predominance of iron and aluminum. This condition is known as
A. cation release
B. laterization
C. weathering
D. podsolization
B. laterization
Which of the following changes will increase climate warming?
A. melting of glaciers and ice caps
B. increased intensity of storms and hurricanes
C. changes in oceanic circulation
D. increased precipitation
A. melting of glaciers and ice caps
In terms of global air circulation (Hadley cells), the tropics are a region where air
A. descends and warms, dropping rain
B. descends and warms, creating an arid belt
C. rises and cools, creating and arid belt
D. rises and cools, dropping rain
D. rises and cools, dropping rain
Where could you NOT go to see well-developed examples of the temperate seasonal forest biome?
A. US & southeastern Canada
B. Europe
C. South America
D. Eastern Asia
C. South America
Warmer and drier parts of the temperate seasonal forest biome are dominated by
A. rain forests
B. deciduous forests
C. needle-leaved forests
D. grasslands
E. woodlands
C. needle-leaved forests
The Meditteranean woodland/shrubland biome is characterized by thick evergreen shrubby vegetation. The small, drought-resistant leaves of these plants are said to be
A. sclerophyllous
B. epiphytic
C. limnetic
D. emergent
A. sclerophyllous
Which biome occurs at the highest altitude?
A. boreal forest
B. temperate rainforest
C. woodland/ shrubland
D. tundra
D. tundra
Which biome has the highest biodiversity?
A. temperate rainforest
B. temperate seasonal forest
C. tropical rainforest
D. tropical seasonal forest
C. tropical rainforest
Overgrazing has caused significant changes in vegetation in
A. boreal forest
B. temperate grasslands
C. tropical seasonal forest/savannah
D. woodlands/shrublands
B. temperate grasslands
Which biome has distinct wet and dry seasons?
A. tropical seasonal forest/savannah
B. boreal forest
C. temperate grasslands
D. tropical rainforest
E. tundra
A. boreal forest
Which of the following helps prevent tree growth in tallgrass prairies?
A. low precipitation
B. high temperatures
C. frequent fires
D. human land use
E. acidic soils
C. frequent fires
Which of the following is another name for boreal forest?
A. matorral
B. pampas
C. steppes
D. taiga
D. taiga
Savannah gradually changes to tropical seasonal forest as
A. temperature increases
B. temperature decreases
C. precipitation increases
D. precipitation decreases
C. precipitation increases
Which combination of factors causes the fastest nutrient cycling in a biome?
A. high precipitation and high temperatures
B. high precipitation and low temperatures
C. low precipitation and high temperatures
D. low precipitation and low temperatures
A. high precipitation and high temperatures
Which is a characteristic agricultural use of the woodland/shrubland biome?
A. grapes
B. wheat
C. cattle
D. coffee
A. grapes
A symbiotic relationship w/ algae is central to
A. mangrove swamps
B. intertidal zones
C. coral reefs
D. ponds and lakes
C. coral reefs
Coral reefs are most similar to
A. subtropical deserts
B. woodlands/shrublands
C. temperature seasonal forests
D. tropical rainforests
D. tropical rainforests
An important characteristic of streams is
A. high allochthonous inputs
B. high autochthonous inputs
C. lack of interaction with the riparian zone
D. many photosynthetic organisms
A. high allochthonous inputs
The alphotic zone is a feature in
A. coral reefs
B. freshwater wetlands
C. mangrove swamps
D. open ocean
E. intertidal zones
D. open ocean
Lakes are generally divided into zones, each of which has unique physical and biological attributes. In which zone would you expect to find rooted vegetation?
A. littoral
B. limnetic
C. pelagic
D. benthic
E. neritic
A. littoral
Which is a unique characteristic of estuaries?
A. the prevalence of aquatic woody vegetation
B. the seasonal overturn of water stratification
C. the mixing of fresh and salt water
D. the large variety of benthic organisms
C. the mixing of fresh and salt water
During which seasons does overturn occur in a lake?
A. winter and spring
B. winter and summer
C. fall and spring
D. fall and summer
E. winter and fall
C. fall and spring
What important role do mangrove swamps play in maintaining their environment?
A. they transfer sediment from terrestrial to aquatic biomes
B. they filter water, which refreshes groundwater reservoirs
C. they prevent coastal erosion
D. they increase the sedimentation of coral reefs
C. they prevent coastal erosion
Cushion plants are characteristics of which biome?
A. tundra
B. tropical rainforest
C. grassland
D. desert
A. tundra
Which biome is found in the Pacific Northwest of North America?
A. grassland
B. temperate rainforest
C. tropical rainforest
D. temperate deciduous forest
B. temperate rainforest
What was the main factor that led to declines in collared lizard populations in the Ozark Mountains of Missouri?
A. increased forest fires killed collared lizards and their preferred insect prey species
B. suppression of forest fires decreased the open habitat that collared lizards require
C. increased forest fires removed the cool, closed-canopy habitat that collared lizards require
D. suppression of forest fires led to an increase in the populations of collared lizards predators
B. suppression of forest fires decreased the open habitat that collared lizards require
A species of tree is found from the Canadian border down to the southeast US. This is called the species’
A. fundamental niche
B. realized niche
C. geographic niche
D. geographic range
D. geographic range
The range of abiotic conditions (with no interactions with other species) under which a species can persist is called its
A. fundamental niche
B. geographic niche
C. realized niche
D. geographic range
A. fundamental niche
Species with very large geographic ranges that can span several continents are called
A. abundant
B. endemic
C. cosmopolitan
D. dispersed
C. cosmopolitan
The orange-breasted sunbird lives only in the fynbos region in the Western Cape of South Africa. This is an example of a(n)
A. extinct species
B. endemic species
C. cosmopolitan species
D. localized species
B. endemic species
What type of dispersion do many agricultural crops exhibit?
A. random
B. clustered
C. even
D. clumped
C. even
Populations whose individuals _ favor clustered dispersion.
A. live in social groups
B. directly interact with each other
C. aggressively defend resources
D. do not interact with each other
A. live in social groups
Populations with high abundance tend to have a __ range.
A. small geographic
B. small fundamental
C. large geographic
D. large fundamental
C. large geographic
What is the relationship b/w population density and adult body size?
A. pop. density is positively correlated to adult body size
B. pop. density is negatively correlated to adult body size
C. pop. with high density generally have large-bodies species
D. pop. with low density generally have small-bodied species
B. pop. density is negatively correlated to adult body size
In populations that fit a source-sink metapopulation model, organisms in _ subpopulations disperse into _ subpopulations.
A. high quality sink; lower quality source
B. lower quality sink; high quality source
C. lower quality source; high quality sink
D. high quality source; low quality sink
D. high quality source; low quality sink
In what way is the geometric growth model different from the exponential growth model?
A. the geometric growth model uses continuous time
B. the geometric growth model uses regular time intervals
C. the geometric growth model includes carrying capacity (K)
D. the exponential growth model includes carrying capacity (K)
B. the geometric growth model uses regular time intervals
Which plot is consistent with and exponential growth model when r>0? (Graph A: straight line, Graph B: downward curved line, Graph C: curved line up, Graph D: curved up and leveling off)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
C. Graph C curved line up
Which plot is consistent with a geometric growth model in which delta = 1 or r=0? (Graph A: straight line, Graph B: downward curved line, Graph C: curved line up, Graph D: curved line up and leveling off)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
A. Graph A straight line
Which is likely to follow an exponential increase in population size?
I. a pop. of mice that has consumed most of the food in its habitat
II. a small population of rats recently introduced to an island with many resources
III. bacteria recently placed on a new petri dish with suitable growth medium
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I & II only
E. II & III only
E. II & III only
Which form of population growth results in an S-shaped curve?
A. exponential growth
B. geometric growth
C. logistic growth
D. density-independent growth
C. logistic growth
In a population growing according to the exponential growth model, population size is
A. limited by density-dependent factors
B. limited by density-independent factors
C. limited by both density-dependent and density-independent factors
D. not limited
D. not limited
If the human population size in 1993 was 540,000,000, what was the projected approximate population size in the year 2000 when r= 0.0139?
A. 500,000,000
B. 550,000,000
C. 600,000,000
D. 650,000,000
C. 600,000,000
A sample of single celled marine algae from the Giant Stairs site provided an estimate of 100,000 cells on the initial sampling date. Ten days later, the population size was estimated to be 500,000 cells. Calculate the intrinsic rate of increase (r) for the population.
A. 0.10
B. 0.16
C. 0.20
D. 0.32
B. 0.16
A population of Spotted Fritillary butterflies exhibits logistic growth. If the carrying capacity is 500 butterflies and r=0.1 individuals/ (individuals x month), what is the maximum population growth rate for the population? (Hint: maximum population growth rate occurs when N= K/2).
A. 5.0
B. 10.0
C. 12.5
D. 15.0
C. 12.5
Under positive density dependence, population growth rate
A. increases as populations become larger
B. remains the same as populations become large
C. decreases as populations become larger
D. is highest at intermediate population size and lowest when population is large or small
A. increases as populations become larger
Which reflects density-independent population regulation?
I. a winter storm that kills birds with equal probability regardless of bird abundance
II. a drought that kills a higher proportion of plants when there are many plants and a smaller proportion when there are fewer plants
III. a lethal disease that is more easily transmitted when animals are found in high abundance than in low abundance
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I & II
E. II & III
A. I only
