Below are several factors that can result in project delays and cost overruns. Explain how these problems can be overcome.

To overcome project delays and cost overruns caused by the factors mentioned, the following strategies and solutions can be implemented:

a. Poorly defined milestones:

• Solution: Clearly define project milestones during the project planning phase. Milestones should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). Ensuring that stakeholders agree on the definition of each milestone will provide clarity and reduce misunderstandings.

b. Poor estimating techniques:

• Solution: Improve estimating techniques by using data-driven methods, historical project data, expert judgment, and feedback from previous projects. Encourage collaboration between the project team and experts who can provide accurate estimations. Regularly update estimates as the project progresses to reflect actual conditions.

c. A missing PERT/CPM chart:

• Solution: Create a PERT/CPM chart to provide a visual representation of the project's critical path, activities, and dependencies. This chart helps in identifying and managing project tasks and timelines. A missing chart can be developed at any stage of the project, but it's most effective when created during the project planning phase.

d. Functional managers not having a clear understanding of what has to be done:

• Solution: Enhance communication and collaboration between project managers and functional managers. Ensure that all stakeholders, including functional managers, understand their roles and responsibilities. Hold regular meetings and provide clear project documentation to keep everyone informed about project objectives and tasks.

e. Poor programming procedures and techniques:

• Solution: Implement effective project management software and tools to manage project schedules, resources, and tasks. Enforce best practices in project management, which includes adhering to industry standards and using modern programming techniques. Invest in training and skill development to ensure the project team is well-equipped with the latest programming techniques.

f. Changes constantly being made deep in the project’s life cycle:

• Solution: Implement robust change management processes and clear change control procedures. Ensure that all changes are documented, evaluated for their impact on the project's scope, schedule, and cost, and approved by the appropriate stakeholders. Frequent changes deep in the project's life cycle should be minimized, and their consequences should be carefully considered.

In addition to addressing these specific problems, it's crucial to have effective project management practices in place, including risk management, monitoring, and reporting mechanisms, as well as ongoing communication with stakeholders. A proactive approach to project management can help identify and address issues before they lead to delays and cost overruns.